Graphene: Development and Applications

Graphene Development and ApplicationsNumber of sensation C atoms packed in a two-dimensional (2D) grid cells as flat single mold give the graphene. This is a key building block for graphitic materials of all(prenominal) sizes. It digest be enclosed in unspoilederenes (0D), rolled into 1D nanotubes or stacked into three dimensional graphite.A serious step forward in the matter of graphene was when Andre Geim and Kostya Novoselov from Manchester extracted Singlet thick crystallites (graphene) from crude graphite in 2004.The unique electronic properties of graphene produce an incidentally juicy opacity for one atomic monolayer, with amazingly simple value it absorbs 2.3 % of white light . This is a consequence of the unusually low energy electronic coordinate of monolayer graphene saws which electrons and holes tapered zone which meet each other at the point Dirac which is qualitatively different from the more common solid squ ar zones.In 2008 carried out the first experimen t proves that graphene is the strongest material that make ups in nature. The measurements showed that graphene has a tensile strength of 100 times greater than steel.Graphene is different from most conventional 3D materials. The natural Graphene presents a semimetal or zero-gap semi theatre director.Been a long time since we talked through the Medgreece in graphene and its unique properties. Graphene is a material which was discovered relatively recently, and its main run around is that it is a graphite sheet consisting of a lattice of carbon atoms linked together as shown in the photo of the article ( we could characterize as a wire ) which has a thickness of a single atom . So far it has been described as the ideal replacement for silicon , and has a truly low resistance and higher conductivity which fucking lead to the creation of faster chips for computers . And all at room temperature . Where else could however be used graphene ?From the University of calcium , and Alexand er Balandin (Chair of Materials Science and Engineering), investigated the possibility of using graphene sheets as heat conductors .The researchers call these cards quilts ( like a quilt ) and that is because the graphene sheets are not homogeneous entirely consist of flakes graphene , which overlap creating a spreadsheet. Only unlike the quilt ( we all know ) the quilt of graphene flakes will not retain heat, barely will pick out it .The graphene sheets flock be used to extract heat from parts of a circuit which, due to the high speed flow of electrons ( current) particularly heated , which leads to afflicted function of the circuit. Helping the diffusion of that heat , graphene will help create sdti much faster chip .Graphene based on measurements made by the researchers shows signally high thermal conductivity that surpasses even that of diamond and carbon nanotubes.The properties of graphene , (electrical conductivity , low resistance , high thermal conductivity ) find no stove only chip electronic circuits. As we mentioned previously this technology could even be used to advance the photovoltaic , since one of the main problems (in terms of functioning ) is the high resistance of the conductor carrying the current. Graphene thanks to its properties , could significantly increase their per plantanceChapter 1 Carbon Nanostructures1.1 A new class of materialsThe two-dimensional (2D) crystalline materials sire only recently been identified and investigated. 1 The first material that falls into this category, is graphene, a singlet carbon layer. This new material has unique properties that make it extremely elicit both as basic knowledge, as well as for future applications. The electronic properties of graphene, for example, have resulted in an unusual quantum Hall 2, 3. It is a transparent conductor 4 with a thickness equal to the extent of zp orbital of an atom of carbon (0,344 nm). It similarly has parallels with the physics of fractionary particles which for example give aways an unusual tunneling 5, 6, which was predicted by the Swedish graphic Oscar Klein 7. Additionally, graphene exhibits excellent mechanical and electrical properties. Its mechanical strength is greater than steel while it can be bent. The thermal and electrical conductivity is very high and can be used as a flexible conduit. The Andre K. Geim and Kostantin S. Novoselov from the University of Manchester, were awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize for the production, isolation and identification of graphene 1.1.2 Forms of carbonCarbon is perhaps the most exciting element of the periodic table. It is the basis of DNA and life on earth. O coal occurs in different forms. The most common form of carbon, graphite, which consists of stacked sheet carbonates hexagonal structure. At high pressures, the diamond is created, which is a metastable form of carbon.A relatively new form of molecular carbon, are the Fullerenes (Fullerenes) 8. The most ordinary fullerene consists of 60 carbon atoms (60 C) and has the shape of a football. It is consisting of 20 hexagons and 12 pentagons which enable the surface to form a ball. The discovery of fullerenes was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1996. The domain of a pseudo-one-dimensional form of carbon, carbon nanotubes, has been known for many decades and the existence of single-wall carbon nanotubes in 1993 9. The nanotubes are formed by winding of a graphene sheet so as to acquire a cylindrical shape with hemispherical ends with a configuration similar to that of the fullerene. The electronic and mechanical properties of metallic nanotubes, show many similarities with those of graphene.It was already known that the toner is composed of hexagonal carbon levels which are stacked on top of one another but scientists believed that such a singlet carbonate sheet could not be produced. In 2004, however, scientists A. Geim, K. Novoselov and colleagues 1 showed that such an unmarried could be isol ated and was stable. The singlet this level carbon called graphene.Figure 1.1. The graphene sheets form the native structure of the graphite, carbon nanotubes and fullerenes 11. It should be noted that structures similar to graphene has been known since the 1960s 10 but there were experi intellectual difficulties in isolating them and raises doubts about whether this would be realizable. The amazing matter is that a simple pencil contains graphite and as it moves the paper, toner levels separated in a very small part of which contains some of singlet layers of graphite, ie graphene. The encumbrance is not the production of graphene structures but rather to isolate large quantities of singlet levels for the identification, characterization and study its properties. This just managed to make the Geim and Novoselov.1.3 GrapheneGraphene is called a singlet level of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice, with nearest neighbor distance of atoms 0.142 nm. It is the first truly tw o-dimensional crystalline material and is representative of a upstanding class of two-dimensional materials which includes for examplePsycho well-disposed Critical Evaluation Case area of RoryPsychosociable Critical Evaluation Case Study of RoryPsycho mixer Critical Evaluation Case Study of RoryIntroductionPsychosocial system originates from psychoanalytic and psychodynamic case action, which has had a profound and lasting impact on social twist (Kenny and Kenny, 2000). This assignment will use the case study of Rory, a fifteen year old boy living in a family home with his brother, mother and stepmother. Throughout the assignment Rorys social milieu and his relationships in spite of appearance this environment will be analysed in order to understand how these factors have shaped his development. Following on from this an evaluation of group work as an disturbance method to support and empower Rory shall be explored. conclave work will be taken as evidence for hold, where so cial work practice is carried out in groups (Doel, 2000, p.148). Psychosocial theories will be explored into how they influence group work and group dynamics, and the way group work can be used to win over and adjust dysfunctional social environments. In doing so, the model of psychosocial theory and its relevance to social work will be explored, and how useful it is in understanding clients and promoting their opera hat interests. In order to critique the model of psychosocial theory, and explore how it influences our perception of the human condition, we must have a clear idea of what we mean by the term. innovative social work theorists have stressed the importance of applying the correct competency to the individual person, with regard to their social environment (Hutchinson, 2008). It sees people as products of the interaction among their biogenetic endowment, the effects of significant relationships, the impact of life experiences, and their participation in societal, cultu ral and current events (Turner, 1978, p.2). The social work profession, can see the individual person as interdependent with their environment, which they are able to influence and change (Kondrat, 2002). By seeing individuals as being uniquely shaped by their environment, it helps social thespians avoid the issues of social identity theory. Rather than categorising or stereotyping people, social workers are able to empathise and see all service users as individuals (Tajfel and Turner, 1979, cited in Gaine, 2010). The main ideas of psychosocial theory are reflected in other social work theories and methods, such as systems and attachment theory. Both theories developed from the need to build upon the traditional psychoanalytic model of individual therapy (Walker, 2012), and the idea that individual experiences with families were continually being shaped and influenced by the evolving interaction patterns of communication. For group work to be beneficial there must be a mindfulness of the social context or sociology of the individual and group. Understanding individuals who compromise the group requires knowledge of psychosocial functioning and development through the life cycle but also the impact of the groups structure and process on the members behaviour. A group cannot be understood without knowledge of members in their individual social context (Northern and Kurland, 2001, p.35). This promotes and encourages diversity within the group, as practitioners are mindful of differences within the group, and how they can be addressed to promote social skills such as empathy and respect. If a clients environment and social context has been dysfunctional, as in Rorys case, the group work can provide a model of a levelheaded culture through the group values, communication patterns, and the way it addresses interpersonal conflict (Northern and Kurland, 2001).Having explored the connection between group work and psychosocial theory, two theories of social work shall be applied and explored next. Attachment theory focuses on the gauge of the attachments in the significant relationships in a clients past (Bowlby, 1979, 1988). Bowlbys theory of attachment stresses the importance of past relationships by determining which will develop emotionally and socially, and form relationships in the future. Bowlby was particularly concerned with the interactions and attachments that individuals had with their parents or carers. The force of a child to attach to a parent or carer, the level of consistency of the parent or carer to meet the emotional needs of a child and the ability of the child to savour safe and secure, predicted how the child would develop emotionally. This theory has particular relevance and importance for this case study. The relationship between Rory and his mother can be recognised as a disorganised attachment. His mothers bi-polar disorder means her behaviour is inconsistent at times, due to her having stable periods but when her desire is very bleak she neglects the needs of Rory and his brother. From this behaviour Rory receives mixed messages, leaving him feeling anxious and unable to explain and possibly understand his own feelings (Bowlby, 1988). His father appears to display as insecure or ambivalent attachment, this is due to him demonstrating an inconsistency in his attitude to Rory, neglecting contact for several weeks at a time. His unpredictable behaviour and reverse to display attention in a consistent way leads to anxiety and distress for Rory.Attachment theory is helpful to social workers in planning treatment, as they have cleverness into how past experiences of the service user can impact on their behaviour, and their ability to form relationships. For example, at the jejuneness Club Rory is seen as progressively withdrawn and erratic by the youth workers. This whitethorn be due to his disorganised attachments impacting upon his ability to behave in social situations. Preston-Shoot and A gass (1990) explains that the development and quality of relationships can be influenced by considering the impact of the clients feelings on behaviours. Group work can be a powerful tool when based on attachment theory issues. Egeland and Erikson (1993) and Eriskon et al., (1992) described a group in which young, high-risk mothers were brought together for weekly group sessions from the time their children were born until they were one year old. Group work was effective here for two reasons. Firstly, through the therapeutic relationship itself, or the relationship with the group facilitator, in which the facilitator maintains a healthy, supportive alliance with the parent, proving such relationships are possible (Erikson et al., 1992, p.501). When using any intervention, it is important to create a working alliance, in which the patient has confidence that the practitioner can help (Holmes, 2001). collectible to Rory having all his immediate adult relationships in his life being i nconsistent and causing him anxiety, having another which proves to be consistent in his life, one that is dependable, may improve his self-esteem and address problems he is exhibiting in social situations, such as at the Youth Club. The reason he may be attending the Youth Club could be due to him searching for that consistency and dependable person he needs, as the Youth Club is a weekly activity which is eternally there. The therapeutic relationship gives Rory a secure base (Holmes, 2001, p.17) where the task can challenge assumptions and relationship patterns.Group work would also introduce Rory to a plethora of perspectives and individuals. Through this, Rory may become conscious of thoughts and attitudes that were previously unconscious (Holmes, 2001). In listening to and working with others Rory may build up his self-esteem. As he begins to form relationships with members of the group, he has models of healthy and functional relationships that are different from his own atta chments with family members. This could increase his confidence, addressing problems of withdrawn and erratic behaviour that have been raised by Youth Workers at Youth Club. A number of studies have shown group work can improve social skills (Reid and Hammond, 2001 Fargan and Jones, 2002). Group work also promotes diversity as those it helps do not feel isolated or alienated by their problems through sharing experiences in a respectful and tolerant environment they arrive at insight into the sufferings and challenges of others, and methods to overcome this. Groupwork as a form of learning extends beyond this, as groups offer members feedback that is often more effective coming from peers than from a social worker (Northern and Kurland, 2001). When done sensitively and constructively, such feedback helps clients such as Rory with their social skills and their ability to build relationships outside of the group.A weakness of this theory, however, may that does it is not sufficiently cover of all the social forces that act on the individual. Psychosocial theory holds that we should acknowledge the role in human development of temperament, racism, poverty, social class, and other environmental conditions (criticism outlined in Coady and Lehman, 2007). Group dynamics and interactions cannot be understood through individuals relationships with their parents alone. Psychosocial theory assists social workers in understanding and analysing the situations and behaviours of their client. This provides practitioners with insight into what has occurred in the past or what may occur in the future. However, some argue that attachment theory does not paint a impression of the client totally by attributing all of Rorys behaviours and concerns to his parents, the practitioner may neglect the wider social context that is acting on him.Systems theory may offer a more encompassing picture of Rorys social context. This theory holds that individuals and their environments are se parate systems that are interconnected and interdependent (Teater, 2010). By count oning of families as living systems, systems theories are able to think about how dynamics are constantly altering as each family member deals with life inside and outside the family. Rorys withdrawn behaviour, and self-destructive thoughts can be attributed to the frequency with which his family dynamics change. This change is at times dramatic for example the breakdown of his parents relationship, or his sister leaving the family home- but also in the inconsistencies due to his stepfathers temper and mothers mental illness. Systems theory also promotes tolerance and diversity, as it recognises that there is no one model for a healthy, functioning family (Walker, 2012). A change or movement in one of these systems results in change or movement in the others. In Rorys case, social systems theory is useful as it allows social workers to identify which system requires an intervention (Teater, 2010). T he key question is does this structure work for this family and does it allow for the healthy development and produce of family members? As such, the Munro Report confirms that a systems perspective offers the most holistic tool for undertaking informed assessment work that takes into full account the wide environmental factors combined with the inter-personal relationship patterns that influence family experiences (cited in Walker, 2012). Furthermore, a familys structure and organisation allows social workers to determine, to some extent what is possible within a particular family. Thinking of families systematically also ensures no family member is marginalised (Walker, 2012). One-to-one intervention with Rory will have an impact on the whole family system his mother, brother and stepfather will be affected, and also the family dynamic as a whole.As such, group work is an effective method of intervention concord to social systems theory. This is because it avoids the risk that t he familys problems and their solutions are individualised. By placing Rory in a different group dynamic, one that has been constructed by a facilitator or practitioner, social workers may be able to assess which elements of the familys structure need intervention, and where Rory and the family need extra support. By assessing Rorys patterns of communication and interaction outside his family dynamic, practitioners may gain greater insight into his specific needs and methods that can be used to support and empower him.Groupwork for families links closely to the family therapy movement (pioneered by figures such as Murray Bowen, Jay Haley, and Virginia Satir). The family therapy movement advocates systemic features as a means by which to assess the way groups of relatives organise themselves over time, creating stable patterns, that are inclined to return to well-known(prenominal) states. As such, one of the beliefs is that systems tend to be self-correcting, based on positive or ne gative feedback (Coady and Lehmen, 2007). By using groupwork intervention with Rory, he may feel empowered and supported to address and correct the patterns and familiar states of his family, rather than simply removing himself from situations. Furthermore, the counsellor or practitioner can address the dysfunctional and destructive subsystems that exist within Rorys family.A concern surrounding this theory of social work, however, is the emphasis social systems theory places on adaptation. The purpose of the group work intervention is to explore how systems can be adjusted and change to create a healthy and supportive structure. As such, some fear that practitioners are encouraging clients to adapt to oppressive circumstances (Coady and Lehmen, 2007). From this perspective, Rory may be being taught to accept and adapt to the hostile and threatening behaviour of his stepfather, or the neglect he sometimes faces from his mother. This can be addressed by being mindful of social works traditional concern with social justice- an integration of values such as social justice and social systems based thinking is possible. To do this, practitioners must be self-reflective and question their own values and assumptions, particularly in terms of detriment and diversity, in order to ensure that the clients best interests are at the heart of group work intervention.An awareness of social circumstance is also important in tackling diversity with regard to mental health. Parental mental health, and the disruption to parenting capacity has been found to have profound and persistent implications for children and their parents (Smith, 2004). As such, it has been advocated that social workers have improved access to training that assists with psychosocial interventions, such as group work (National Institute for Mental Health in England, 2005). This helps us to understand the quality of attachment between Rory and his mother. Rory himself is displaying behaviours that may poin t to mental health, particularly disclosing suicidal thoughts. Research shows that social work plays a significant role of social work in promoting the involvement of people using services and developing systemic approaches to practice with families (Gilbert, 2007). Diversity is important here- social workers must address societal stigmas regarding mental health. Effective intervention can also promote diversity by helping those with mental health to function and become involved in society. A psychosocial approach helps us to understand Rorys patterns of communication and behaviour, as it gives us insight into the formative relationships, experiences and environments that have categorised his life thus far. This puts troubling behaviours, such as self-destructive and suicidal thoughts, within a social context that can be used as the basis for assessment and intervention. Our chosen intervention method, group work, is also revealing about how Rory can be supported and empowered. By m odelling healthy and secure relationships, and developing Rorys social skills, Rorys future relationships do not have to be influenced solely by dysfunctional attachments with his parents and stepfather. By understanding his family as a system, and observing Rory but within that system and in other groups, insight is gained into how Rorys social context can be adapted in order to promote the healthy growth of all its members.

Empowering Women Not To Become Domestic Violence Victims Social Work Essay

Empowering Women Not To Become internal help Violence Victims Social Work try onThe purpose of my research is to show how to empower house servant forcefulness dupes to prevent them from or re main(prenominal)ing becoming dupes. I satisfy this purpose by recognizing the signs of domestic help smear by the ill-treatr, examining the history of domestic violence and, statistical data I overly address the change friends, family to recognize the symptoms of the abused. domestic help Violence is an breach on an intimate partner with most violence committed against women by their masculine partner (ABA, 2010). Many programs have been introduced to communities as well as states to treasure victims of domestic violence and their nipperren. Women atomic number 18 forced to leave their lives behind taking the children with them to shelters or Child Protective Services manoeuver aim them, due to the abuse and asymmetry in the home. Battered women shelters have been opened in an attempt to keep the women and children in hiding from their abuser. Often the victims and their children pull up s opts move to another state in an attempt to be safe from the abuser. Children receive counseling and often suffer depression, aggressive behavior, and development of adult health problems (APA, 2010).Domestic violence seems to be much focused on the victims than the batterer, resulting in having programs to protect the victim. Some examples ar battered womens shelters, and receiving assistance from programs to protect victims from the batterer. For the batterer, abusive acts are a statement issue and batterers are determined to keep that control over their victims some clippings, leading to stalking and murdering their victim for the ultimate control and power (NCJRS 2005).American society exerts a lot of time and money into programs to assist battered women and children who are witnesses of the violence. Society hires to look at the offender in an attempt tounde rstand the offenders reason for the violence, to study their main objective and why the abusers ultimately have no control over themselves.Literature ReviewDevaney (2008) reported a study conducted on children who were in semipermanent and complex needs because of experiencing domestic violence. His research revealed that passe-partouts have an awareness of domestic violence, and that younger children with younger parents are most likely to experience prolonged periods in the child protective system. Devaney contended that government policy and professional practice should primarily be concerned with assessing the risk that men present, rather than the risk children and families experience. By reframing professional interventions, men are more likely to be challenged to accept responsibility for their behavior.The domestically violent patients are more unstable from psychological viewpoint simply not more inclined to anger than the average male. When comparing domestically violent patients with generally violent patients, domestically violent patients score lower on anger disposition and on aggressive behavior than the generally violent patients did (Kraaimaat, 2008).According to the American Psychiatric Association (2010), abusers use some ways to isolate, intimidate, and control their partners. Abuse starts slow and may be difficult toEMPOWERING DOMESTIC VIOLENCE VICTIMS 5recognize. Initially the abuse is manifested in isolated incidents for which partners expresses remorse and promises never to abuse again. The abusers justify their actions because of stress or claims the abuse was something the victim did or did not do. Domestic Violence can lead to other common emotional traumas such(prenominal) as depression, anxiety, panic attacks, substance abuse, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Abuse can trigger suicide attempts, psychotic episodes, homelessness, and slow recovery from mental illness (APA, 2010).Uncovering banging mens attributions are important in understanding domestic violence, and these attributions are the key to curtailing domestic violence. What is common to these attribution styles is the evasion of responsibility for commission of, and for the need to take action to stop the violence. These attributions styles have been found to increase battering mens hostility and stress, their risk of engaging in violent behavior, as well as enabling the batterer to continue their violence unchecked (Wallach, 2008).National Criminal Justice Reference Service (2005) reports power and control are fundamental concepts in the patriarchal family construction and in the relationship between violent men and their female companions power-control theory may explain the response of the criminal justness system to woman battering. Power-control theory suggests that men batterwomen because unless they are in control of their production sphere, and consumption sphere, the potential upset of the familys balance of power is a real threat t o the batterer.Bostock (2009) reports that stations of domestic abuse can be prolonged by limited options available to victims of support and protection, and a lack of active publicac fill outledgement that domestic abuse is unacceptable. Some women felt that the police still adopted and attitude of its just a domestic and that they did not take the matter seriously or purport effective help and protection.Stoops (2010), study explores the existence and predictive ability of a behavior-based typology of men who were adjudicated for domestic violence crime in an urban criminal justice system. Results revealed that preliminary support for the development of typological assessment in criminal justice and early settings for early identification of men who may need additional intervention. betimes intervention could prevent further escalation of violence from the batterer.McCloskey (2004) presents information on the characteristics of a clinical population of male perpetrators of inti mate partner violence court-ordered for batterers treatment, and how those characteristics co-varied with treatment attrition. When treating male batterers who were court-ordered to receive treatment, findings suggested that batterers self-reports of their own violent behavior were found to vary by data collection technique, with face-to-face interviews eliciting greater admission of violent behavior than paper-and-pencil questionnaires.Domestic Violence Awareness Handbook (2010) reports that too many people continue to believe that domestic violence is a private matter between a couple, rather than a criminal offense that merits a strong and swift response. Even today, the victim of a domestic assault runs the risk of creation asked, What did you do to make your husband angry? This question implies the victim is to blame for this abuse. People in the criminal justice system police, prosecutors, judges, and jurors need to be educated nigh the role they can play in curbing acts o f domestic violence.MayoClinic (2010) reports that even if a child is not abused, simply witnessing the domestic violence can be harmful. Children who grow up in abusive homes are more likely to be abused and have behavioral problems than are other children. As adults, child witnesses are more likely to become abusers or think abuse is a normal part of a relationship. Victims worry that seeking help will further endanger them and the child, or that treatment may break up the family. It was stated that treatment is the most effective measure to protect the child.DiscussionDuring the research, my polish was to try to understand the actions and attributes of the batterer, in an attempt to make victims recognize the signs of a batterer before abused women become a victim. Another goal was to recognize the symptoms of the victim. The pull together of information provides an understanding of the abuser, and recognizing the warning signs of an abuser before they become a victim. Educatio n of younger adults assists and informs families and friends of the trend of an abusive relationship.Recognize Patterns of Domestic ViolenceDomestic violence is a serious threat for many women. To be empowered, the victim must recognize the signs of an abusive relationship and how to leave a dangerous situation to achieve empowerment. Threats, including violence, suicide, or taking away the children are common tactics employed by the batterer. The existence of emotional and verbal abuse, attempts to isolate, and threats of and intimidation within a relationship may be an indication that physical abuse is to follow (MayoClinic, 2010). Knowing the signs of an abusive relationship is not only imperative for the victim, but is also an important weapon against violence for the victimsfamily, friends, and co-workers. The more people that are aware of the attributes of an abuser the less likely the relationship will develop into a domestic violent relationship. The victim is not alone and will not have the feeling of helplessness, or the shame of blaming herself, and will not deny the abuse if the ones that are close to the victim can recognize the signs. Victims will not feel alone, and will break the cycle early.Education of Community Family, and FriendsStrict new laws are one way to reduce domestic violence, but education could prevent it violence or abuse from starting or escalating to the point of the victim being battered. Education should begin in the high schools for all students on domestic violence awareness to ensure that all members of the community are aware that domestic violence is not a private matter between a couple, rather a criminal offense that merits strong and swift response. Communities must take an interest to promote and educate on the programs that are available to the victims, such as hot lines, police, social workers, and battered womens shelters.Awareness needs to be brought to medical exam professionals who see the victims of violence who ask them about the crime, and seek more information rather than allowing the victim to fabricate an excuse for the batterer. Neighbors must contact the police when they picture violent fights in their neighborhoods. Teachers should be alert to signs that students have witnessed violence at home, or by a partner. Friends need to be educated that it is not the victims good luck and assist in anyway, recognizing that abuse is unacceptable. The friends and family of the victims need to understand the needs of someone experiencing abuse. The longer a victim stays inan abusive relationship, the greater the buzzer on the victims self-esteem, resulting in depression or anxiety. The victim may begin to doubt their ability to take care of themselves or wonder if the abuse is their stain and feeling helpless or paralyzed to act.Break the CycleThe longer an abusive relationship continues, the greater toll it takes on the victims self-esteem, but the cycle must be broken before the batt erer gains total control. The cycle can be broken by telling friends, family or calling a domestic violence shelter, but must be done in a safe location. Victims should be prepared to leave, pack an emergency bag that includes items that the victim needs when they leave, and know exactly where to go and how to get there. The only way to break the cycle of domestic violence is to take action and the sooner the better.ConclusionToo many people continue to believe that domestic violence is a private matter between a couple, rather than a criminal offense. Even today, the victim of a domestic assault runs the risk of being blamed for the abuse, as if she is the one that brought on the assault. People in our criminal justice system police, prosecutors, judges, and jurors need to be educated about the role they can play in curbing domestic violence. Nearly thirty percent of all female homicide victims were killed by their husbands, former husbands or boyfriends (Domestic Violence Awarene ss Handbook, 2010).Strict new laws are one way to reduce domestic violence but nothing sends a clearer message to a batterer than prosecuting and jailing other batterers. New laws are not the answer if people are not educated in the system to enforce the laws. The victim often feels alone in thesituation, and as a society members must let victims know that they are not alone. American society must take action to let the victims know they are not alone.Even when cases are brought to court, domestic crimes are difficult to prosecute. All too often victims are so terrorized that victims fear for their lives if they call the police. Silence is the batterers best friend. Members of the community, needs to end their silence and change the attitudes toward domestic crime.EMPOWERING DOMESTIC VIOLENCE VICTIMS 11

The AFL Canadian: Labor, National Identity, and Transnational Discourse

The AFL Canadian Labor, National Identity, and Transnational Discourse 1936-1955The American Federation of Labor is an American organization, declare William Green, president of the AFL, in his 1947 keynote speech, It believed in American, the fundamental law of the United States, the Constitution, freedom, liberty and democracy. We will have nothing to do with socialism in each shape, or form ... This sixty-sixth convention will redeclare its opposition to Communism and to Communist philosophy, and ... to those who would attempt to establish it among the organized fatigue of our country. Though Green declared Communism abhorrent to American labor not all the members of the AFL were American. Indeed, Canadians and their unions had been part of the AFL since its inception in 1881. Craft unions in Canada were primarily organized under the Trades and Labor relative of Canada (TLC), which had been a subdivision of the AFL since 1910. However the power relation between these two group s had been hotly contested over that time. Should the Trades and Labor Congress be able to strike independently of the AFL leadership? After all, as Green said in his 1947 speech, The American Federation of Labor is an American organization. Canada was a sovereign state, yet its labor organizations were dominated by a foreign power. At the 1939 American Federation of Labor convention in Atlantic City, NJ, this issue of Canadian labor reign in regards to the AFL came to the fore. The executive council of the AFL recommended giving the Trades and Labor Congress sole authority to grant central labor body charters. Although primarily an economically unimportant act, as central labor bodies did not arbitrate wages or work conditions,... ...f the AFL, I am well acquainted with the particularities of union research. Additionally, over the summer and proceed through this year, I have been working on a labor economics research project between the National Bureau of Economic Research, the national Reserve, and Columbia. Developing econometric models of wage variation between industries, I could perform statistical analysis of data, although the focus of my project will always be on the voices of the rank-and-file, not an aggregation of the quantifiable. As I am conversant in economic theory however, I can use my knowledge of international exchange and labor economics to detail the backdrop against which the Toronto AFL story develops. I believe I can bring the voices of the Toronto rank-and-file into the Canadian historical conversation, which will bring great detail to the Canadian historical narrative.

Race-Based Traffic Stops in the US Essay -- racial profiling, police st

Imagine driving home, on a pleasant level(p)ing, after a tedious day at work. Just as you ar about to arrive to your neighborhood, you notice blue and red flashing lights and pull over. It seems the police officer has no reason for stopping you, except to calculate your vehicle because of your suspiciously perceived skin tone. This unnecessary traffic stop, designed for people of people of colored skin, happens on numerous occasions and has been termed Driving While low or Brown. Racial profiling is the act of using race or ethnicity as grounds for suspecting someone of having committed a crime. Race-based traffic stops are dangerous for people of color, since they can happen anytime various African Americans and Latinos modify their driving habits in uncommon ways. For example, some completely avoid predominately white suburbs, in fear of police involvements for looking out of place. Some intentionally drive ordinary vehicles or change his or her dressing style, and others who drive long distances even factor in extra time for the inescapable traffic stops (Harris).From 2005 to mid-2008, approximately eighty percent of total stops made were of Blacks and Latinos, who pay cardinal percent and twenty-eight percent of New York Citys total population, respectively. During this same time period, only about ten percent of stops were of Whites, who comprise forty-four percent of the citys population (Restoring a National Consensus). Ray Kelly, appointed Police Commissioner by Mayor Michael Bloomberg, of New York in 2013, has not only accepted stop-and-frisk, a program that allows law enforcers to stop individuals and search them, but has multiplied its use. Kelly argued that New Yorkers of color, who have been unevenly targeted un... ...inspired action at the put forward and local level. The ACLU calls on legislators in every state to pass laws that will allow the practice of traffic enforcement to be statistically monitored continuously. Fourth, the Justice Department should ostracise racial profiling in all federally funded drug interdiction programs. Fifth, the fifty largest cities in the United States should voluntarily collect traffic stop information (Restoring a National Consensus).Earl G. Graves said, Fifty years after Dr. Martin Luther King expressed his dream that African Americans would someday be judged not by the color of our skin but by the content of our character, the line between the suspect is a black male and black males are suspect remains dangerously thin. Our nation needs to follow the five-step plan outlined by ACLU to allow our members of society safety and equal rights for one another.

Benefits of the Weight Watchers Program Essay -- Health Nutrition Diet

Benefits of the Weight Watchers Program Weight Watchers is an excellent program to aid in burthen loss and healthy have. It is an easy, healthy, and effective method for losing weight and eating correctly. Weight Watchers has based their program on a point system, making it easy to follow by counting points assigned to foods. It promotes healthy eating habits by regulating serving sizes, which atomic number 18 set by the United States Department of Agriculture. In addition to promoting healthy eating habits, it offers support for people who qualification need it. The support, along with the eating plan, helps dieters lose weight and eat healthy. Weight Watchers is very easy to follow. This is because the program has allocated a point value to every food. The points are related to the amount of calories the food contains the more calories a food has, the more points it is given. For example, one apple has one point. The dieter is allowed a certain numbe r of points per day, therefore constrictive the amount of calories from anywhere between 1200 and 1700. Depending o...

Hatchet :: essays research papers

HatchetAuthor Gary PaulsonMain Theme The story Hatchets theme is determination, diligence and survival. Brian Robeson, whose parents are divorced, flies to visit his father in Canadian wilderness. His pilot has a heart attack and dies. Brian managed to land the plane in a lake, and function unharmed. Now comes the hard part, surviving in the wilderness until rescued. He does have whizz tool to help him, a hatchet that his mother had given him as a gift. He will have to use it, his own determination, imagination, perseverance and common sense to survive. Plot Summary This flight to see his father in the Canadian wilderness is Brains first time in an airplane. He explains this to the pilot and tells him that he is scared. The pilot feels sorry for Brian and decides to show him that flying is not very difficult. He lets Brian take the steering control and direct the line of flight for a while. Just when Brian thinks that everything is going well, the pilot has a heart attack and die s. Brian knows he must land the plane himself or die. He tries to use the radio without success. He knows that if he hits the trees, he can die, so he decides to land in the peeing of a lake. When the plane is in the water, he gets out through a window. He lay on the bank of the lake for a while to rest. Brian knew he infallible food and shelter to survive so he set out to find both. He was very careful not to get lost or go too far from the lake where his water was. He found a cherry tree and because he was very hungry, he ate his fill. He change his windbreaker with cherries to eat later and then(prenominal) managed to find a cave for shelter. He slept very well, but in the morning when he awoke, he byword a bear in the cave. He was terrified, because the bear was only about 20 feet away eating his cherries out of his windbreaker. The bear only looked at Brian and then left. The cherries must have been enough to curb his appetite The discovery of how to make a fire was very important to Brains survival. He needed to have one at the mouth of the cave to protect him from wild animals, and to signal for help.

Identity and Violence Analysis Essay -- recognition,

Identity and Violence may seem isolated from each other on a superficial level, but on a deeper outline both seem to depend on each other. To put in a different way, just as long-stagnant water can give rescue to deadly mosquitoes, similarly a logged and rigid definition of identicalness may lead to violence which could be similar to Aedes. To briefly explain this analogy its essential to refer to Charles Taylor who argued that personal identity is shaped in three ways-1) Recognition of identity 2) Absence of identity3) Misrecognition of identity.All three modes of shaping identity have the potential to bring out violence which is latent. Here, Sigmund Freuds idea of human instincts being of two kinds those that conserve and unify and, the instincts to destroy and kill is in truth significant. These instincts work according to the motive, when individual works for their motive that is of shaping the identity leads to use of violent means and ends mostly. Our presentation will inc lude Terrell A. Northup idea of identity as a system of beliefs or a way of construing the world that makes life predictable rather than random. This way, he conceptualizes that social constructs of an identity become so entrenched that the conflict surfaces as violence. The identity first takes the form of threat, which later gets distorted and extremely rigid and ultimately colludes in maintaining the conflict.Thus, it can be tell that, identity is central almost core to individuals and their sense of connectedness to themselves and the society-scope they engage in. Kriesberg examines how there is a formation of not only ones own, but also a sense of identity of the other, which further reinforces the self. Though identities can be both ascribed a... ...llows that the intervention is contingent on the identity dynamics of the groups involved. For instance, peripheral would limit itself to the mark component. Similarly, change in the dynamics of the relationship between partie s,will not change the core schema, but alter the nature of the existing relationship between parties. This carries connotations of a relatively enduring change. Changes that occur in the identities of the parties are aimed at reconstructing the core schema, in this case, the perception of us and them. Such would be the case if the Israeli pass on recognizes the Palestinian State as an equal and de-emphasizes the differences between the two. This level implies a change approximating utopia. The introduction of super ordinate goals establishes a commonality between the groups, forcing them to eff the other as more like self.